Who was Sir.Issac Newton?
Newton was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,alchemist and theologian.
Birth Date
By Julian Calendar Newton born on 25 December 1642
By the Gregorian Calendar Newton born on 4 January 1643
By the time he died, the difference between the calendars had increased to eleven days.
Death Date
By Julian Calendar Newton died on 20 March 1727
By the Gregorian Calendar Newton died on 31 March 1727
How was his early life?
When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabus Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. The young Isaac disliked his stepfather and held some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.” While Newton was once engaged in his late teens to a Miss Storey, he never married, being highly engrossed in his studies and work.
Schooling
From about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham (where his alleged signature can still be seen upon a library window sill).
He was removed from school, and by October 1659 his mother, widowed by now for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. He hated farming.
Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. He became the top-ranked student.
At College
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge as a sizar — a sort of work-study role. Isaac then went to college with the intention of becoming a Church of England minister. Again, life was not easy for him. As he was unable to afford the tuition fees, he worked many hours each day serving meals and doing other jobs for the professors in order to pay his way. Isaac’s knowledge of the Bible continued to impress those around him.
At that time the ideas of the ancient Greek scholars still dominated what was taught in science, and recent scientific discoveries were largely ignored. This greatly annoyed Isaac Newton who firmly believed that ideas in science should be tested and only accepted if their usefulness could be demonstrated. He was committed to the experimental method of science.
Newton had obtained his degree in August 1665
In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became infinitesimal calculus.
Isaac graduated in 1665, shortly before an outbreak of Black Death(Plague) swept through London. All universities were closed while the plague raged. During this time, Isaac returned to his family’s farm, now run by his young half-brother. He continued his study and research, working on the binomial theorem, light, telescopes, calculus and theology. After supposedly seeing an apple fall in the garden, he investigated gravity, but was unable to solve the puzzle until some years later. (It should be noted that some authorities question this ‘apple’ story. They say that the first mention of it came through the antireligious French philosopher and skeptic, Voltaire, who reputedly heard it from Newton’s grandniece.)
When Cambridge University reopened in 1667, Isaac Newton returned to do a Masters Degree, while teaching and doing research. He received his master's degree in 1668.
His Achievements and later life
1665 - Newton's first achievement was in mathematics. In 1665, Isaac Newton invented the generalized binomial theorem. Newton applied his binomial theorem to infinite series and from there developed calculus, a revolutionary new form of mathematics. For the first time it was possible to accurately calculate the area inside a shape with curved sides, and to calculate the rate of change of one physical quantity with respect to another. Although Newton was its inventor, he did not introduce calculus into European mathematics. A similar system of mathematics was developed by German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. Leibniz proceeded to publish his method and received sole credit for its invention until Newton published a detailed exposition of his fluxional method in 1704. For a long time there was great confusion, with each being accused of stealing the other’s work. It was a distressing time for both. Many years later, it was established that each had developed calculus independently at roughly the same time. Neither was a cheat.
1667 - Newton used prisms to show that sunlight was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. This proved that the ancient Greeks’ ideas about light were wrong. In Newton’s time, astronomy was severely hampered because lenses in telescopes broke some of the light into unwanted colors causing a somewhat unclear view. Although not the first to consider using a curved mirror instead of a lens, Newton was the first to successfully construct a telescope using this principle—a principle still used today in many telescopes. In 1704, however, Newton published Opticks, which explained his theories in detail.
In 1672 - Newton became a member of the Royal Society—a group of scientists committed to the experimental method. He presented one of his new telescopes to the Royal Society along with his findings on light. The Royal Society set up a committee led by physicist Robert Hooke to evaluate Newton's findings. Hooke was a scientist employed by the Royal Society to evaluate new inventions. However, Hooke had his own ideas on light and was slow to accept the truth of Newton’s findings. This surprised and disappointed Newton, who even considered not circulating his discoveries in the future.
1684 - In August 1684, Edmund Halley, the British astronomer and mathematician visited and who discussed with Newton the problem of orbital motion. Newton had also pursued the science of mechanics as an undergraduate, and at that time he had already entertained basic notions about universal gravitation. As a result of Halley's visit, Newton returned to these studies.
During the following two and a half years, Newton established the modern science of dynamics by formulating his three laws of motion. Newton applied these laws to Kepler's laws of orbital motion formulated by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler and derived the law of universal gravitation which used what is known as the inverse square law. He published this theory in his book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica " in 1687.
During his later years, Newton was the President of the Royal Society and was associated with the French Academie des Sciences, a learned society established with an aim of promoting French scientific research.
Isaac Newton lived at a time when politics, religion and education were not separated. King Charles II commanded that everyone who taught at places such as Trinity College, must themselves be ordained as Church of England ministers after seven years. This included people such as Newton who taught only mathematics and science, not theology. Although a devout Christian, Newton was not in full agreement with this. The only way for Newton to keep his job was for the king to make an exception in his case. Others who had previously asked for this had been refused. So Newton headed south to London for six weeks to plead his case before the king. Fortunately, for Newton and for science, the king granted Newton’s request to continue at Trinity College without being ordained.
After 1685, Newton again encountered the problem of a monarch who tried to mingle politics, religion and education. The new king, James II, wanted Trinity College to award unearned degrees to those whose religious beliefs agreed with his own. Because they would not do this, Newton and eight other teachers from Trinity College were brought before the High Court on trumped-up charges. Although the charges were rightfully dismissed, the episode had been a great strain on the men.
Isaac Newton’s times of hardship and struggle throughout his lifetime did not produce bitterness. Instead, Newton’s own words show that this brought him closer to God. ‘Trials are medicines which our gracious and wise physician gives because we need them; and the proportions the frequency and weight of them to what the case requires. Let us trust his skill and thank him for the prescription.’
Isaac Newton represented Cambridge University as a Member of Parliament in 1689 and 1690. In 1690, his health failed. This illness was probably a nervous breakdown brought on by many years of working long hours and enduring too much stress. Eventually he fully recovered. For the next few years, Newton pursued his other great love—studying the Bible. The books he wrote included Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel.
In 1696, the government appointed Newton to the post of Warden of the Mint. He supervised the replacement of England’s old and damaged coins with those which were new and more durable, and even helped break up a counterfeiting ring.
In 1701, Newton began another short term as parliamentarian. Two years later he was elected president of the Royal Society. His re-election to that position every year for the rest of his life showed the high esteem in which he was held by fellow scientists. Now that he had returned to science, Newton published his earlier work on light. His book, Optiks, contained both his own findings and suggestions for further research. His country officially recognized his work in 1705 when he became the first person to receive a knighthood for scientific achievement.
Newton died in 1727, at the age of 84. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
He loved God and believed God’s Word—all of it. He wrote, ‘I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by men who were inspired. I study the Bible daily.’
References :
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#Early_life
2. http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/newton.html
3. http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/rd/ag/isaac/newton/newtlife.html
4. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/accomplishments-of-isaac-newton.html
5. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v12/n3/sir-isaac-newton
Newton was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher,alchemist and theologian.
Where he born?
Born at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire, England.
Where he died?
Died in London, England
What about his family?
Father : Isaac Newton(Father's name was also the same)
Mother : Hannah Ayscough
Issac Newton Sr married Hannah Ayscough Ayscough in April 1642 and he died in October 1642, 6 months after marriage. Nearly three months later their only child Isaac Newton was born.
Hannah died in 1679 in Stamford, Lincolnshire, when Isaac was 36.
Newton's mother married another person named Barnabas Smith and left Newton with his Maternal Grandparents.
Maternal Grand Father : James
Maternal Grand Mother : Margery Ayscough
Step Father : Reverend Barnabus Smith
Isaac’s mother was widowed for the second time when he was 14 years old.
Newton's Step Brothers and Sisters
1. Mary (born 1647)2. Benjamin (born 1651)
3. Hannah (born 1652).
Newtons' Life Time?
During Newton's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe:
1. The Julian or 'Old Style' in Britain and parts of northern Europe and eastern Europe
2. The Gregorian or 'New Style', in use in Roman Catholic Europe and elsewhere.
Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates
Born at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire, England.
Where he died?
Died in London, England
What about his family?
Father : Isaac Newton(Father's name was also the same)
Mother : Hannah Ayscough
Issac Newton Sr married Hannah Ayscough Ayscough in April 1642 and he died in October 1642, 6 months after marriage. Nearly three months later their only child Isaac Newton was born.
Hannah died in 1679 in Stamford, Lincolnshire, when Isaac was 36.
Newton's mother married another person named Barnabas Smith and left Newton with his Maternal Grandparents.
Maternal Grand Father : James
Maternal Grand Mother : Margery Ayscough
Step Father : Reverend Barnabus Smith
Isaac’s mother was widowed for the second time when he was 14 years old.
Newton's Step Brothers and Sisters
1. Mary (born 1647)2. Benjamin (born 1651)
3. Hannah (born 1652).
Newtons' Life Time?
During Newton's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe:
1. The Julian or 'Old Style' in Britain and parts of northern Europe and eastern Europe
2. The Gregorian or 'New Style', in use in Roman Catholic Europe and elsewhere.
Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates
Birth Date
By Julian Calendar Newton born on 25 December 1642
By the Gregorian Calendar Newton born on 4 January 1643
By the time he died, the difference between the calendars had increased to eleven days.
Death Date
By Julian Calendar Newton died on 20 March 1727
By the Gregorian Calendar Newton died on 31 March 1727
How was his early life?
When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabus Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. The young Isaac disliked his stepfather and held some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.” While Newton was once engaged in his late teens to a Miss Storey, he never married, being highly engrossed in his studies and work.
Schooling
From about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham (where his alleged signature can still be seen upon a library window sill).
He was removed from school, and by October 1659 his mother, widowed by now for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. He hated farming.
Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. He became the top-ranked student.
At College
In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge as a sizar — a sort of work-study role. Isaac then went to college with the intention of becoming a Church of England minister. Again, life was not easy for him. As he was unable to afford the tuition fees, he worked many hours each day serving meals and doing other jobs for the professors in order to pay his way. Isaac’s knowledge of the Bible continued to impress those around him.
At that time the ideas of the ancient Greek scholars still dominated what was taught in science, and recent scientific discoveries were largely ignored. This greatly annoyed Isaac Newton who firmly believed that ideas in science should be tested and only accepted if their usefulness could be demonstrated. He was committed to the experimental method of science.
Newton had obtained his degree in August 1665
In 1665, he discovered the generalized binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became infinitesimal calculus.
Isaac graduated in 1665, shortly before an outbreak of Black Death(Plague) swept through London. All universities were closed while the plague raged. During this time, Isaac returned to his family’s farm, now run by his young half-brother. He continued his study and research, working on the binomial theorem, light, telescopes, calculus and theology. After supposedly seeing an apple fall in the garden, he investigated gravity, but was unable to solve the puzzle until some years later. (It should be noted that some authorities question this ‘apple’ story. They say that the first mention of it came through the antireligious French philosopher and skeptic, Voltaire, who reputedly heard it from Newton’s grandniece.)
When Cambridge University reopened in 1667, Isaac Newton returned to do a Masters Degree, while teaching and doing research. He received his master's degree in 1668.
His Achievements and later life
1665 - Newton's first achievement was in mathematics. In 1665, Isaac Newton invented the generalized binomial theorem. Newton applied his binomial theorem to infinite series and from there developed calculus, a revolutionary new form of mathematics. For the first time it was possible to accurately calculate the area inside a shape with curved sides, and to calculate the rate of change of one physical quantity with respect to another. Although Newton was its inventor, he did not introduce calculus into European mathematics. A similar system of mathematics was developed by German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. Leibniz proceeded to publish his method and received sole credit for its invention until Newton published a detailed exposition of his fluxional method in 1704. For a long time there was great confusion, with each being accused of stealing the other’s work. It was a distressing time for both. Many years later, it was established that each had developed calculus independently at roughly the same time. Neither was a cheat.
1667 - Newton used prisms to show that sunlight was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. This proved that the ancient Greeks’ ideas about light were wrong. In Newton’s time, astronomy was severely hampered because lenses in telescopes broke some of the light into unwanted colors causing a somewhat unclear view. Although not the first to consider using a curved mirror instead of a lens, Newton was the first to successfully construct a telescope using this principle—a principle still used today in many telescopes. In 1704, however, Newton published Opticks, which explained his theories in detail.
In 1672 - Newton became a member of the Royal Society—a group of scientists committed to the experimental method. He presented one of his new telescopes to the Royal Society along with his findings on light. The Royal Society set up a committee led by physicist Robert Hooke to evaluate Newton's findings. Hooke was a scientist employed by the Royal Society to evaluate new inventions. However, Hooke had his own ideas on light and was slow to accept the truth of Newton’s findings. This surprised and disappointed Newton, who even considered not circulating his discoveries in the future.
1684 - In August 1684, Edmund Halley, the British astronomer and mathematician visited and who discussed with Newton the problem of orbital motion. Newton had also pursued the science of mechanics as an undergraduate, and at that time he had already entertained basic notions about universal gravitation. As a result of Halley's visit, Newton returned to these studies.
During the following two and a half years, Newton established the modern science of dynamics by formulating his three laws of motion. Newton applied these laws to Kepler's laws of orbital motion formulated by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler and derived the law of universal gravitation which used what is known as the inverse square law. He published this theory in his book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica " in 1687.
During his later years, Newton was the President of the Royal Society and was associated with the French Academie des Sciences, a learned society established with an aim of promoting French scientific research.
Isaac Newton lived at a time when politics, religion and education were not separated. King Charles II commanded that everyone who taught at places such as Trinity College, must themselves be ordained as Church of England ministers after seven years. This included people such as Newton who taught only mathematics and science, not theology. Although a devout Christian, Newton was not in full agreement with this. The only way for Newton to keep his job was for the king to make an exception in his case. Others who had previously asked for this had been refused. So Newton headed south to London for six weeks to plead his case before the king. Fortunately, for Newton and for science, the king granted Newton’s request to continue at Trinity College without being ordained.
After 1685, Newton again encountered the problem of a monarch who tried to mingle politics, religion and education. The new king, James II, wanted Trinity College to award unearned degrees to those whose religious beliefs agreed with his own. Because they would not do this, Newton and eight other teachers from Trinity College were brought before the High Court on trumped-up charges. Although the charges were rightfully dismissed, the episode had been a great strain on the men.
Isaac Newton’s times of hardship and struggle throughout his lifetime did not produce bitterness. Instead, Newton’s own words show that this brought him closer to God. ‘Trials are medicines which our gracious and wise physician gives because we need them; and the proportions the frequency and weight of them to what the case requires. Let us trust his skill and thank him for the prescription.’
Isaac Newton represented Cambridge University as a Member of Parliament in 1689 and 1690. In 1690, his health failed. This illness was probably a nervous breakdown brought on by many years of working long hours and enduring too much stress. Eventually he fully recovered. For the next few years, Newton pursued his other great love—studying the Bible. The books he wrote included Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel.
In 1696, the government appointed Newton to the post of Warden of the Mint. He supervised the replacement of England’s old and damaged coins with those which were new and more durable, and even helped break up a counterfeiting ring.
In 1701, Newton began another short term as parliamentarian. Two years later he was elected president of the Royal Society. His re-election to that position every year for the rest of his life showed the high esteem in which he was held by fellow scientists. Now that he had returned to science, Newton published his earlier work on light. His book, Optiks, contained both his own findings and suggestions for further research. His country officially recognized his work in 1705 when he became the first person to receive a knighthood for scientific achievement.
Newton died in 1727, at the age of 84. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
He loved God and believed God’s Word—all of it. He wrote, ‘I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by men who were inspired. I study the Bible daily.’
References :
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#Early_life
2. http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/newton.html
3. http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/rd/ag/isaac/newton/newtlife.html
4. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/accomplishments-of-isaac-newton.html
5. http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v12/n3/sir-isaac-newton
